Infant respiratory distress syndrome, also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, is a medical condition that primarily affects premature babies. It is a life-threatening condition that occurs due to an underdeveloped lung function in premature babies. The condition commonly affects prematurely born infants and can result in breathing difficulties, oxygen deprivation, and lung failure. Synonyms for the Infant respiratory distress syndrome include hyaline membrane disease, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and surfactant deficiency disorder. All of these terms refer to the same condition, which is triggered by an insufficient production of surfactant in the lungs. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the survival of infants with this condition.